Riven tWAV resources

This page shows the structure of Riven tWAV resources, which store game sounds and music. Though this document is complete enough to correctly decode Riven sounds (at least "by ear"), the tWAV format has a number of obscure details and unknown fields, expecially those connected to data sizes. Finally, thanks to Ron Hayter for providing details on the DVD version of tWAV resources. Myst MSND resources also use this format.

tWAV resources are structured in chunks, much like the common WAV audio format. The audio data can be compressed in two ways. The first is the Intel DVI ADPCM format, a (lossy) differential encoding which stores the difference between consecutive samples as 4-bit delta samples, yielding a compression factor of 4:1. The second (used in the DVD version of the game) is MPEG-2 Layer II encoding. It's important to note that the compressed data block contains more data than necessary: the additional data is just garbage at the end of the block, and is skipped by the Riven decoder when the sound is played. Unfortunately, the tWAV headers seem to ignore this excess data: this makes reverse-engineering of these fields very difficult, since every relation with the full resource size is lost. It's necessary to introduce an "effective resource size" excluding the excess data.

The header

The tWAV data block begins with the following header:

4 bytes	mhwk_magic
unsigned long	size
4 bytes	wave_magic

• mhwk_magic is the string 'MHWK'. It's equal to the Mohawk format signature!
• size is the effective resource size, minus the ADPC chunk size, minus 2.
• wave_magic is the string 'WAVE'.

After this header come the chunks. Until now, 3 chunk types have been identified: 'ADPC', 'Cue#' and 'Data'.

The ADPC chunk

This chunk holds some information about the audio sample format. Its size is not constant.

4 bytes	chunk_type
unsigned long	chunk_size
unsigned short	u0
unsigned short	channels
unsigned long	u1
unsigned long	u2[channels]

• chunk_type is the string 'ADPC'.
• chunk_size is the chunk size minus 8.
• channels is the number of audio channels.
• u0 is 2 when there is the Cue# chunk, and 1 when there isn't.
• u1 is always 0.
• u2 is always 0x00400000 for both channels.

If there is the Cue# chunk, then there is additional data in the ADPC chunk:

unsigned long	u3
unsigned long	u4[channels]

• u3 seems to be in units of samples (maybe it's a position within the audio stream).
• u4 looks more like a record than a single unsigned long value, but values are obscure and I have no idea about its meaning.

Finally, the ADPC chunk seems to be absent if the resource contains MP2 audio.

The Cue# chunk

This chunk is rare, only a few tWAV resources have it and just one resource has an interesting one (that's tWAV 3 from p_Sounds.mhk). This chunk seems to contain "cue points", in a way similar to the corresponding chunk of the WAVE format.

4 bytes	chunk_type
unsigned long	chunk_size
unsigned short	point_count

• chunk_type is the string 'Cue#'.
• chunk_size is the chunk size minus 8.
• point_count is the number of cue points.

Following this fixed structure there are point_count records; each record describes a cue point with a position inside the audio stream and an associated ASCII text string:

unsigned long	position
unsigned char	name_len
unsigned char	name[name_len+1]

• position is the cue point position within the audio stream, in units of samples.
• name_len is the length of the associated string.
• name is the associated string (zero-terminated).

Most Cue# chunks have point_count set to 0, so they contain nothing. tWAV 3 from p_Sounds.mhk has two cue points, named Beg Loop and End Loop. Please note that the chunk structure has been guessed from this single case, so the statistics is very poor :-\

I don't know if the engine uses this chunk at all.

The Data chunk

This chunk is always present since it contains the actual audio samples.

4 bytes	chunk_type
unsigned long	chunk_size
unsigned short	sample_rate
unsigned long	sample_count
unsigned char	bits_per_sample
unsigned char	channels
unsigned short	encoding
unsigned short	loop
unsigned long	loop_start
unsigned long	loop_end
variable	audio_data

• chunk_type is the string 'Data'.
• chunk_size is the full chunk size, including chunk_type and chunk_size itself.
• sample_rate is the audio sampling rate (always 22050).
• sample_count is the number of audio samples.
• bits_per_sample is the number of bits per sample per channel.
• channels is the number of audio channels.
• encoding tells how the audio data is stored. It's 0 for PCM (see the MSND page), 1 for ADPCM, 2 for MPEG-2 Audio Layer II.
• loop means loop if the value is 0xFFFF (NOTE: Not used in Riven, only Myst!)
• loop_start is the starting point of the loop (NOTE: Not used in Riven, only Myst!)
• loop_end is the ending point of the loop (NOTE: Not used in Riven, only Myst!)
• audio_data is the audio data stream, encoded according to encoding. In case of 1-channel ADPC audio, each byte holds 2 compressed samples (higher and lower 4 bits of the byte); in case of stereo ADPC tWAVs, each byte stores one compressed sample for each channel (higher and lower 4 bits of the byte).